Effective Strategies for Reducing Household Electricity Use
Intro
Electricity consumption in households is a significant concern for many. Understanding effective strategies to reduce this consumption is not only beneficial for the environment but also for one's finances. This article aims to provide essential insights into various methods that can reduce energy usage, leading to lower utility bills and a more sustainable living space. By addressing behavioral changes alongside technological advancements, readers can find actionable steps to foster energy efficiency in their homes.
Overview of Reducing Household Electricity Consumption
Reducing household electricity consumption involves a mix of conscious efforts, behavior modification, and potentially upgrading to more energy-efficient devices.
Importance of Energy Conservation
Conserving energy is essential for several reasons. It lessens the strain on our power grids and decreases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a healthier planet. For individuals, lowering electricity use directly correlates with reduced utility bills. This financial incentive often pushes homeowners to reconsider their energy habits and explore better technologies.
Key Areas for Improvement
There are various areas in a typical home where energy consumption can be optimized. These include:
- Lighting: Transition to LED lights and develop habits for switching off unused lights.
- Heating and Cooling: Regular maintenance of HVAC systems and proper insulation.
- Appliances: Invest in energy-efficient models that consume less power.
- Behavioral Changes: Small changes, such as unplugging devices when not in use, can accumulate to significant savings over time.
The objective of this article is to dissect these areas and provide concrete strategies for implementation. With a clear understanding of both short-term and long-term methods, households can empower themselves to improve energy efficiency and make a meaningful impact on their bills and the environment.
Energy conservation is not only an economic priority but also a moral one.
Types of Strategies for Reducing Electricity Consumption
Behavioral Changes
Changing daily habits can produce noticeable differences in energy consumption. Here are a few strategies:
- Turn off unnecessary lights when leaving a room.
- Shorten shower times to reduce hot water usage.
- Use natural light whenever possible, especially during the daytime.
- Adjust thermostat settings, cooling or heating only when necessary.
Technological Improvements
Investing in technology can dramatically lower energy consumption. Consider the following:
- Smart thermostats: These devices learn user habits and adjust temperatures accordingly, offering automated efficiency.
- Energy-efficient appliances: Look for the Energy Star label when purchasing new devices, which indicates they meet or exceed energy efficiency guidelines.
- LED lighting: Replace incandescent bulbs with LEDs, which use significantly less energy and have longer lifespans.
Through a combination of behavioral changes and technological upgrades, households can substantially reduce electricity consumption, promoting a sustainable lifestyle while enjoying financial benefits.
The End
The path toward reducing household electricity consumption requires both understanding and commitment. Adopting small daily practices combined with thoughtful investments in technology can yield significant results. As individuals and families strive for more sustainable living, these strategies become essential. They not only enhance energy efficiency but also foster a collective spirit toward environmental stewardship.
Understanding Electricity Consumption
Understanding household electricity consumption is crucial for several reasons. It serves as a foundational element for identifying strategies that can be employed to reduce overall energy usage. A better grasp of how electricity is consumed in the home allows individuals to pinpoint inefficiencies and potential areas for improvement. This understanding can contribute not only to lowering utility costs but also to promoting a sustainable lifestyle.
The Importance of Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency is not just a trend; it is an essential principle for modern living. Implementing energy-efficient practices can significantly reduce electricity consumption. When households embrace energy efficiency, the benefits extend beyond mere savings on energy bills. It also minimizes environmental impact and promotes the responsible use of resources. Energy-efficient homes contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which is critical in the fight against global warming.
Moreover, energy efficiency can enhance comfort in the home. Properly insulated homes maintain temperature better, reducing the need for heating and cooling, which directly influences energy savings. In fact, using energy-efficient appliances like refrigerators, washing machines, and dryers can consume significantly less electricity than their traditional counterparts, leading to substantial savings over time.
Common Household Electricity Uses
Understanding where electricity is used in the home can help in identifying opportunities for reduction. Some of the most common household electricity uses include:
- Heating and Cooling: HVAC systems account for a large portion of energy consumption in residential settings. Efficient programming of thermostats and regular maintenance of systems can optimize usage.
- Lighting: Traditional incandescent bulbs consume more electricity than LED bulbs or other energy-efficient lighting options. Transitioning to less energy-intensive bulbs can make a significant difference.
- Appliances: Common appliances like refrigerators, ovens, and laundry machines can be major electricity users, especially older models. Using Energy Star-rated products ensures reduced consumption.
- Entertainment Devices: TV sets and other electronics contribute to overall electricity use. Smart power strips can help manage energy consumption by allowing devices to be powered down completely.
With this understanding, households can take informed steps towards reducing their electricity consumption and promoting a more sustainable living environment.
Behavioral Changes to Reduce Consumption
Understanding how our behavior impacts energy usage is crucial in achieving the goal of reducing household electricity consumption. Behavioral changes are often easier and less expensive to implement compared to major home renovations or investments in new appliances. By simply adjusting habits, families can see a noticeable decrease in their energy bills while also contributing positively to the environment.
Adjusting Daily Routines
Optimizing Appliance Use
Optimizing appliance use significantly reduces energy consumption. People rely on various appliances daily, from washing machines to microwaves. One key characteristic of this approach is that it encourages using appliances during off-peak hours. This practice can lead to both energy savings and lower utility costs.
By utilizing appliances when electricity demand is lower, such as late nights or early mornings, individuals can take advantage of reduced energy prices. Furthermore, this practice minimizes the load on power plants, promoting a more sustainable power grid.
However, care must be taken to ensure the appliances are indeed energy-efficient. If an older unit consumes more energy, the savings from simply changing the time of use might not be significant. As such, understanding the energy ratings of one's appliances is essential.
Mindful Lighting Practices
Mindful lighting practices focus on reducing unnecessary energy consumption from lighting fixtures. One key aspect is prioritizing natural light during the daytime. This simple shift not only decreases reliance on electric lights but also enhances indoor environments.
Additionally, more households are recognizing the power of smart lighting solutions. These include features such as timers and sensors that only activate lights when needed. This proactive approach to lighting reduces waste and helps families lower their electricity bills consistently.
However, it is important to strike a balance. Relying solely on natural light might not meet the needs of every household. Extreme caution should be taken when relying on sunlight for all lighting needs, especially during darker seasons.
Establishing Energy-Saving Habits
Unplugging Unused Devices
Unplugging unused devices is a simple yet effective measure that often goes overlooked. Many electronics consume power even when turned off, a phenomenon known as phantom load. This fact makes it crucial for families to adopt the habit of disconnecting devices that are not in active use.
By doing so, individuals can see a decrease in their monthly electricity bills, reinforcing the benefits of this habit. Moreover, unplugging devices fosters awareness regarding overall electricity usage, leading to more conscientious consumption practices.
However, this habit might require some adaptation. For devices that require reprogramming or resets after being unplugged, users must weigh the inconvenience against the savings. In particular cases, smart plugs can serve as a valuable tool, as they can be controlled remotely and programmed to turn off automatically.
Using Power Strips Effectively
Using power strips effectively centralizes control of multiple devices and simplifies managing electrical consumption. One significant aspect of power strips is their ability to turn off multiple devices simultaneously. Instead of unplugging each device, individuals can simply deactivate the power strip, eliminating phantom loads across multiple devices.
This efficient approach reduces the hassle of managing various electronics around the house. Moreover, it often encourages users to plug in devices only when necessary, instilling better habits around electricity consumption.
On the downside, over-reliance on power strips might lead to neglecting unplugging individual devices that do not connect to one. Moreover, it is important to ensure that the power strip is rated for the total wattage of the devices plugged in, to avoid fire hazards. Awareness and understanding are fundamental for utilizing this tool effectively.
Key Takeaway: Simple behavioral changes can drive substantial savings and lower electricity consumption. Adjusting daily routines, establishing habits, and using smart tools are effective strategies to foster energy efficiency in households.
Home Improvements for Energy Efficiency
Improving a home’s energy efficiency is a key step towards reducing electricity consumption. Making strategic home improvements not only lowers utility bills but also enhances overall comfort. By focusing on specific areas, you can directly influence the amount of energy needed for heating, cooling, and other household activities. This section will elaborate on two primary components: insulation and energy-efficient appliances.
Insulation and Sealing
Assessing Existing Insulation
Assessing current insulation is vital for understanding how heat flows in and out of a home. Good insulation acts as a barrier, helping to retain warm air during winter and keeping homes cooler in summer. The effectiveness of your insulation directly correlates with energy savings.
A key characteristic of assessing insulation is the thermal resistance, known as R-value. This number indicates the insulation material's ability to resist heat flow. Higher R-values typically translate to better energy performance, making it a beneficial choice for energy conservation.
However, unique features like varying materials such as fiberglass, cellulose, and foam also influence performance. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, fiberglass is commonly used and affordable, whereas foam insulation can provide superior sealing but may cost more.
Sealing Windows and Doors
Sealing windows and doors plays a crucial role in energy efficiency. Gaps and cracks in these areas can lead to significant energy loss. Utilizing weatherstripping or caulking can effectively reduce drafts, which helps in maintaining indoor temperature.
The key trait of sealing is its immediate impact on reducing energy consumption. It is a popular choice because it often requires minimal financial investment compared to larger renovations. Additionally, it is easy to implement and can be a DIY project.
Unique features of sealing include various sealing materials and techniques. Foam strips, caulking, and door sweeps are some examples. The advantages of sealing include lower energy bills and improved comfort, but there can be disadvantages if not done correctly, such as moisture accumulation if air circulation is restricted.
Energy-Efficient Appliances
Identifying Energy Star Products
Identifying Energy Star products is crucial for selecting appliances that meet energy efficiency standards. These appliances consume less electricity without compromising performance. They are significant in reducing household electricity consumption on both small and large scales.
An essential characteristic of Energy Star appliances is their certification which indicates compliance with energy efficiency guidelines set by the Environmental Protection Agency. This makes them a beneficial choice for anyone looking to save on energy bills.
The unique benefit features of these appliances include advanced technology integration that maximizes energy savings. While they may cost more upfront, the long-term savings on utility bills often justifies the higher initial expense.
Upgrading Older Appliances
Upgrading old appliances can lead to substantial reductions in electricity consumption. Older models often lack advanced energy-saving technologies and can consume more power for the same task. This aspect makes upgrading a smart decision for households.
The key characteristic of upgrading is the efficiency boost that new appliances provide. This adds to their appeal as they not only save energy but often come with improved functionality. Modern designs and features may also enhance the overall user experience.
Unique features of newer appliances include smart technology, such as connectivity options for remote monitoring and management. The advantages of upgrading include substantial energy savings, while the disadvantage may be the initial investment required to replace functioning appliances.
By making informed choices regarding insulation and appliances, households can substantially reduce their electricity bills while improving comfort and efficiency.
Lighting Solutions
Lighting is a key component of household energy consumption. Poor lighting choices can lead to higher electricity bills and unnecessary waste. Addressing lighting effectively can result in substantial savings and create a more pleasant living environment. Adopting smarter lighting solutions is not only about cost reduction but also about enhancing overall energy efficiency.
Switching to LED Bulbs
Benefits of LED Technology
LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology has revolutionized how we approach lighting at home. One of the most significant benefits of LED bulbs is their energy efficiency. They consume up to 75% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs. This efficiency leads to lower electricity consumption and consequently reduces utility bills. Another notable characteristic of LEDs is their longevity. Compared to standard bulbs, LEDs can last up to 25,000 hours or more. This longer lifespan means fewer replacements and less waste.
Unique features of LED technology include a variety of color temperatures that can suit various moods or settings. Whether warm white for a cozy ambience or cool white for a brighter atmosphere, LEDs offer flexibility. Importantly, they do not emit much heat, making them safe to touch even after hours of use. However, a potential disadvantage is the initial purchase price, which can be higher than traditional bulbs, although this is often offset by savings over time.
Comparative Cost Analysis
When evaluating the overall cost of lighting solutions, it is crucial to consider both upfront costs and long-term savings. The average cost of an LED bulb is higher than that of incandescent or compact fluorescent bulbs. However, the efficiency of LED technology leads to significant savings in electricity bills. In a typical home, replacing all standard bulbs with LEDs can save hundreds of dollars over their lifetime.
Another key feature to analyze is the usage pattern of lighting in the home. Homes where lights are frequently on will see a faster return on investment when switching to LEDs. In summary, even though the initial costs for LED bulbs tend to be higher, their long lifespan and energy efficiency make them a cost-effective choice in the long run.
Utilizing Natural Light
Making the Most of Daylight
Utilizing natural light can drastically reduce the reliance on artificial lighting. By strategically using daylight, households can achieve comfort while saving on energy costs. One primary aspect of making the most of daylight is understanding sunlight patterns throughout the day. Windows that are well-placed can maximize the inflow of natural light, reducing the need for indoor lighting.
The key characteristic here is the potential reduction in energy consumption. Natural light is free, and embracing it can lead to a significant decrease in electricity bills. However, certain considerations include potential glare and inadequate lighting during shorter winter days. Therefore, it's essential to create a balance that preserves comfort without solely relying on artificial sources.
Positioning Furniture Strategically
Strategically positioning furniture can amplify the effects of natural light in a room. By arranging seating and other furniture items close to windows, occupants can enjoy the benefits of daylight without needing to turn on lights. This not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of a space but also supports energy-saving initiatives.
The unique feature of this strategy is its simplicity; it requires no investment in new products. Instead, it focuses on rearranging existing elements of the home. However, it's important to keep in mind that not all spaces will have the same lighting dynamics. In darker corners, additional solutions may still be necessary to ensure proper illumination.
Utilizing natural light effectively can transform energy consumption patterns in households and enhance the living environment with minimal investment.
Smart Home Technology
Smart home technology plays a crucial role in reducing household electricity consumption. It encompasses a range of devices that automate and optimize energy use. These technologies not only aid in convenience but also significantly contribute to energy savings. By leveraging smart features, homeowners can track and manage their consumption more effectively.
Smart Thermostats
Understanding Thermostat Features
Smart thermostats offer various features that enhance energy efficiency. These devices allow users to set schedules, monitor temperatures remotely, and adjust settings based on occupancy patterns. One key characteristic is their ability to learn user habits over time, adjusting the heating or cooling automatically.
This adaptability makes them a popular choice for many households looking to reduce their energy bills. A unique feature of smart thermostats is their integration with mobile devices, enabling users to control home climate from anywhere. However, initial costs can be higher compared to traditional thermostats.
Programming for Optimal Savings
Effective programming of smart thermostats amplifies their savings potential. Users can create specific schedules that match their daily routines, ensuring that heating or cooling only occurs when necessary. This programmatic approach is essential for maximizing energy efficiency in homes.
The ability to adjust settings remotely is another beneficial feature, allowing reassessment in response to changes in occupancy or unexpected events. It requires a little initial effort to set up the programming, but the long-term savings on energy bills can be worth it.
Energy Monitoring Systems
Choosing the Right System
Energy monitoring systems are vital tools for tracking electricity usage in real time. Selecting the most suitable system depends on individual needs and household size. A key characteristic of these systems is their ability to provide detailed consumption insights. This feedback allows users to see which appliances consume the most energy.
These systems often come with user-friendly interfaces, making them accessible for young professionals and families alike. A disadvantage can be the potential complexity in understanding data, but the insights gained are invaluable for effective energy management.
Analyzing Consumption Data
Analyzing consumption data helps households identify patterns and opportunities for savings. With the right tools, users can discern peak usage times and adjust their behavior accordingly.
The critical advantage is the ability to make informed decisions on energy use, leading to lower bills and better energy efficiency overall. While the process of data analysis may seem daunting initially, it ultimately empowers homeowners to take control of their energy consumption.
Understanding and utilizing smart home technology can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption, making it a strategic choice for conscientious homeowners.
Water Heating Methods
Water heating accounts for a significant portion of a household’s energy usage. It plays a crucial role in daily life, from showering to washing dishes. Thus, exploring efficient water heating methods can lead to substantial savings on electricity bills. By making informed choices about water heating, individuals can greatly enhance their energy efficiency while maintaining their comfort.
Assessing Your Water Heater’s Efficiency
Assessing the efficiency of your water heater involves understanding its age, type, and how well it meets your household needs. Older models tend to use more energy since they lack modern technology. Look for the Energy Factor (EF) rating on your water heater. A higher rating indicates better efficiency. If your unit is more than ten years old, it might be worthwhile to consider an upgrade for better savings.
Furthermore, regular maintenance, such as flushing the tank to remove sediment buildup, can improve performance. This simple step ensures your heater runs smoothly and uses energy more effectively. Adjusting the thermostat to a lower setting, around 120 degrees Fahrenheit, can also help reduce energy consumption without sacrificing comfort.
Alternative Water Heating Solutions
Shifting to alternative water heating solutions can provide significant benefits. Two notable options are tankless water heaters and solar water heating. Each has its unique characteristics and offers different advantages.
Tankless Water Heaters
Tankless water heaters are known for their on-demand heating. Unlike traditional units, they do not store water. Instead, they heat water as you need it, which can lead to energy savings. This efficiency makes tankless models a popular choice for households looking to reduce their energy consumption.
A key characteristic of tankless water heaters is their compact size. This allows homeowners to save space, which is advantageous, especially in smaller homes. Additionally, since they don't hold a reservoir of hot water, there's no standby heat loss, a common issue in conventional systems.
However, one must consider the initial installation cost. While they can lead to lower energy bills, the upfront investment can be higher compared to traditional heaters. Despite this, the longevity and efficiency of tankless systems often justify this cost over time.
Solar Water Heating
Solar water heating harnesses the sun's energy, making it an environmentally friendly option. This method can significantly reduce reliance on electricity for heating water, lowering energy costs.
The main characteristic of solar water heating is the solar collectors, which absorb sunlight. These systems can be highly efficient in suitable climates. They work best when used alongside a traditional backup system, especially during cloudy days or in winter.
A unique feature of solar water heating is its sustainability. It reduces ecological impact by decreasing fossil fuel reliance. However, it has some disadvantages, such as the need for sufficient sunlight. Initial installation costs may also be high. However, tax incentives and long-term savings can make solar systems a logical choice for many households.
In summary, exploring water heating methods leads to smarter choices for energy consumption. Assessing existing systems and considering alternatives like tankless and solar water heaters can make a difference in both comfort and utility costs.
Seasonal Adjustments
Seasonal adjustments to electricity consumption carry substantial importance. Different seasons bring unique challenges and opportunities for energy savings. By adapting our habits based on the season, we can achieve significant reductions in electricity usage. This section discusses the methods to optimize energy consumption throughout the year, focusing on winter preparation and summer savings.
Winter Preparation
Managing Heating Systems
Managing heating systems is crucial during colder months. An efficient heating system does not just keep a home comfortable; it also plays a significant role in reducing energy expenses. A key characteristic of well-managed heating systems is their ability to maintain consistent temperatures without excessive energy draw. Advanced thermostats and zoning can lead to notable savings.
One unique feature of modern heating systems is programmability. Homeowners can set schedules that align with their daily routines, ensuring the system operates only when needed. This can prevent unnecessary heating when no one is home. However, the initial setup and cost may be a disadvantage for some. Ultimately, a well-managed heating system contributes significantly to lowering overall electricity consumption during winter.
Insulating Against Cold
Insulating against cold is another essential strategy for energy efficiency. Proper insulation reduces the demand on heating systems. A home's energy efficiency rating can improve drastically with good insulation. The primary characteristic that makes insulation valuable is its ability to keep heat inside, thus minimizing electric usage related to heating.
One distinct advantage of insulation is its long-term cost-effectiveness. Once installed, it requires little maintenance or additional costs. On the downside, the upfront investment can be high, which may deter some households. However, the long-term savings often justify these initial expenses, positioning insulation as a beneficial choice for energy conservation.
Summer Energy Savings
Efficient Cooling Methods
Efficient cooling methods are imperative during warmer months. These methods help maintain comfort while also reducing the overall electricity consumption. One of their main advantages is the varierty of options, from ceiling fans to high-efficiency air conditioning units. By using these methods strategically, households can vastly cut down on their electricity bills.
A unique feature of some cooling systems is the multi-speed fan option, which allows users to adjust settings based on their needs and preferences. This can lead to less energy being used during the cooler parts of the day. However, a drawback might be the dependency of many households on air conditioning, which can lead to inefficient use if not managed properly. Striking a balance is key for effective energy savings.
Adjusted Thermostat Settings
Adjusted thermostat settings play a vital role in summer energy conservation. It involves setting thermostats to higher temperatures when the house is vacant or during sleep. This practice can lead to significant savings because cooling systems do not need to work as hard.
One standout aspect of this method is its simplicity. It's an easy adjustment that anyone can follow without the need for specialized knowledge or equipment. Yet, some may find discomfort when adjusting temperatures higher, which can make adherence challenging. Still, when consistently applied, adjusted thermostat settings deliver substantial energy savings while efficiently managing household comfort.
In summary, adapting energy consumption habits to seasonal changes is a powerful strategy for reducing household electricity use. By managing heating systems and employing effective insulation in winter, alongside efficient cooling methods and adjusting thermostat settings in summer, households can see notable reductions in their energy expenditures.
Evaluating Your Electricity Provider
Evaluating your electricity provider is a crucial step in effectively managing household energy consumption. It involves understanding the terms and conditions of your electricity service, evaluating the benefits each provider offers, and considering how the chosen supplier's policies can impact your overall energy usage and expenses. Knowledge in this area empowers consumers to make informed decisions that influence their utility bills and carbon footprint. By selecting the right provider, households can optimize their energy consumption while seizing opportunities to support renewable energy initiatives.
Understanding Electricity Rates
Electricity rates can vary significantly between providers. It is important to understand how these rates are structured. Generally, rates can be fixed, variable, or time-of-use.
- Fixed Rates: These remain constant for a specific period, typically a year or more.
- Variable Rates: These fluctuate based on market conditions, which can lead to unpredictable expenses.
- Time-of-Use Rates: These charges differ depending on the time of day or season, benefiting those who can use energy during off-peak hours.
Taking note of the structure and potential changes in rates will guide your financial planning. Additionally, reviewing the electricity rate plan that aligns with your usage habits is vital.
Comparative Rate Analysis
A comparative rate analysis is a systematic approach to evaluating the various electricity providers available in your area. This assessment involves the following steps:
- Research Providers: Gather a list of all local electricity providers.
- Compare Rates: Look at their rates and terms. Utilize resources like reddit.com or local energy websites to see consumer reviews and experiences.
- Inquire about Discounts: Determine if providers offer discounts for usage reductions, referrals, or participation in energy-saving programs.
- Evaluate Customer Service: Strong customer support can be vital. Analyze the availability and responsiveness of the provider's customer service team.
- Check Green Energy Options: If sustainability is a priority, see if providers offer options for renewable energy.
Culmination
The relevance of drawing conclusions in this article cannot be overstated. It encapsulates the various strategies presented and emphasizes their practical application in everyday life. Understanding how to effectively reduce household electricity consumption is not just about saving on monthly bills; it aligns with larger goals of sustainability and energy efficiency.
Summarizing Key Strategies
In summary, effective strategies for reducing electricity consumption can be categorized into several key areas:
- Behavioral Changes: Simple adjustments in daily routines can lead to significant savings. For example, optimizing appliance use and being mindful of lighting practices contributes to lower energy usage.
- Home Improvements: Investments in insulation, sealing leaks, and upgrading to energy-efficient appliances can enhance the overall energy performance of a home.
- Lighting Solutions: The transition to LED bulbs and the effective utilization of natural light are practical ways to decrease consumption.
- Smart Technology: Implementing smart thermostats and energy monitoring systems allows for better control over energy expenses.
- Water Heating: Assessing water heater efficiency and exploring tankless or solar options can substantially reduce energy use.
- Seasonal Adjustments: Adaptations in heating and cooling systems according to the seasons are key to maintaining efficient energy consumption.
- Electricity Provider Evaluation: Understanding rates, billing structures, and comparing providers helps consumers make informed decisions that could lower costs.
By synthesizing these strategies, individuals can create a more efficient home environment while contributing to broader energy conservation efforts.
Encouraging Continued Engagement with Energy Efficiency
To truly embody energy efficiency, ongoing engagement is essential. It is not simply about making one-time changes but developing a lifestyle centered on sustainability. Continuous education about new technologies and practices can help adapt to the ever-evolving energy landscape.
Here are important considerations:
- Stay Informed: Regularly research new appliances or technologies that promote energy efficiency. Websites such as Wikipedia and Britannica can provide valuable insights.
- Involve the Community: Engage with local initiatives that promote energy awareness. Collaborating with neighbors can lead to a community-wide reduction in consumption.
- Monitor Progress: Continually track your household’s energy use to understand the impact of your changes. This promotes accountability and offers motivation.
